CYP3A and Drug Interactions

CYP3A and Drug Interactions
Serious adverse interactions between drugs is a problem faced by primary care physicians during the day today practice Many of these are due to inhibition or induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, particularly
CYP3A4 CYP3A4, which is more commonly
expressed than CYP3A5, and usually accounts for most CYP3A
activity in vivo, about 50% of the drugs are metabolized by this enzyme
invitro testing of new drugs to predict CYP-related interactions.
using Liver microsomes and CYP3A-overexpressing
cells is available. the drug companies. May also do studies in healthy volunteers.
what happens in a patient depends on the potency of
the inhibitor or inducer, whether there are alternate elimination
pathways, and how serious the symptoms are.
CYP3A inhibitors can be classified as very potent or
moderate. is currently considered a potent
A drug causes more than a 5-fold increase
in the plasma concentration of another drug

GRAPEFRUIT JUICE — In usual quantities, grapefruit
juice is a moderate inhibitor because it inhibits only
intestinal and not hepatic CYP3A.4
this is mainly a problem in the USA.
not a problem in India .


In general most of the drugs in the HIV protease inhibitors,
macrolide-type antibiotics and azole antifungals are CYP3A inhibitors, butthere may be differences in the potency of
inhibition within a class.





Drugs Metabolized Mainly by CYP3A
primary care physicians; simvastatin oxybutynin
Xanax
HIV medications
Erythromycin
Fentanyl
Amiodarone
Carbamazepine
Sildenafil
are mainly the drugs to be watched.

in alphabetic order by class of drugs

Anticholinergics: darifenacin (Enablex), oxybutynin (Ditropan*),
solifenacin (VESicare), tolterodine (Detrol*)
Benzodiazepines: alprazolam (Xanax*), midazolam (Versed*),
triazolam (Halcion*)
Calcium channel blockers: diltiazem (Cardizem*), felodipine
(Plendil), nimodipine (Nimotop), nifedipine (Adalat*), nisoldipine
(Sular), nitrendipine, verapamil (Calan*)
Chemotherapeutic agents: cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan*),
erlotinib (Tarceva), ifosfamide (Ifex), tamoxifen (Nolvadex*),
vinblastine (Velban*), vincristine (Oncovin*)
HIV protease inhibitors: amprenavir (Agenerase), atazanavir
(Reyataz), indinavir (Crixivan), nelfinavir (Viracept), ritonavir
(Norvir), saquinavir (Invirase, Fortovase)
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors: atorvastatin (Lipitor),
lovastatin (Mevacor*), simvastatin (Zocor)
Immunosuppressive agents: cyclosporine (Neoral,
Sandimmune*), tacrolimus (Prograf)
Macrolide-type antibiotics: clarithromycin (Biaxin), erythromycin
(Erythrocin*), telithromycin (Ketek), troleandomycin (TAO)
Opioids: alfentanyl (Alfenta*), fentanyl (Sublimaze*), sufentanil
(Sufenta*)
Steroids: budesonide (Pulmicort), cortisol, 17 ß-estradiol,
progesterone
Others: amiodarone (Cordarone*), carbamazepine (Tegretol*),
delavirdine (Rescriptor), efavirenz (Sustiva), nevirapine
(Viramune), quinidine (Quinidex*), repaglinide (Prandin),
sildenafil (Viagra), tadalafil (Cialis), trazodone (Desyrel*),
vardenafil (Levitra)



Amprenavir
carbamazepine ciprofloxacin (Cipro*) diltiazem
fluconazole (Diflucan) erythromycin)
phenytoin (Dilantin*) grapefruit juice
norfloxacin (Noroxin) verapamil
Amiodarone
atazanavir
cisapride
clarithromycin (Biaxin)
clarithromycin phenobarbital
indinavir
itraconazole
Ketoconazole
nefazodone
nelfinavir
ritonavir
telithromycin
troleandomycin
voriconazole
Carbamazepin efavirenz nevirapine (Viramune)
efavirenz (Sustiva)
Phenytoin
Phenobarbital
Rifabutin
rifampin rifapentine (Priftin)
St. John’s Wort

DRUGS FOR OVERACTIVE BLADDER

All of these drugs are only modestly more effective than placebo for this indication.

( Enablex) and solifenacin, ( VESIcare)
like oxybutynin, tolterodine and trospium, are
muscuranic receptor antagonists.
although in animal studies solifenacin had an increased affinity to bladder Smooth muscle cells and less to the salivary gland cells in clinical practice. This might mean less dry mouth
and darifenacin has an increased affinity to M3, receptor than to the M1 receptor, so theoretically it has less CNS effects.
but on the whole cost-effectiveness Ditropan is as good as any other medication.


DRUGS FOR OVERACTIVE BLADDER
Darifenacin hydrobromide —
Enablex(Novartis) 7.5-15 mg PD once/d2 100$(7.5-, 15-mg ER tabs)
Oxybutynin chloride —
average generic price 5 mg PC bid or tid 25$(5-mg IR tabs; syrup)
Ditropan 75$
Ditropan XL 5-30 mg PC once/d 100 $(5-, 10-, 15-mg ER tabs)
Oxytrol I patch 2x/wk 90$(39 cm2 transdermal patch) (39 mgld)
Solifenacin succinate — VESicare 5 mg PC once/d4 100 $(5-, 10-mg tabs)
Tolterodine tartrate —
Detrol 1-2mg P0 bid5 100 $(1-. 2-mg IR tabs)
Detrol LA 2-4 mg P0 once/d5 100 $(2-. 4-mg ER caps)
Trospium chloride —
Sanctura (20 mg PC bid 90 $ Odyssey) (20-mg tabs)

बित्तेर्मेलों सम फक्ट्स

Bitter melon (Momordica charantia L. Curcurbitaceae) and MAP30
Natural Standard Bottom Line Monograph, Copyright © 2009 (www.naturalstandard.com). Commercial distribution prohibited. This monograph is intended for informational purposes only, and should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. You should consult with a qualified healthcare provider before making decisions about therapies and/or health conditions.
While some complementary and alternative techniques have been studied scientifically, high-quality data regarding safety, effectiveness, and mechanism of action are limited or controversial for most therapies. Whenever possible, it is recommended that practitioners be licensed by a recognized professional organization that adheres to clearly published standards. In addition, before starting a new technique or engaging a practitioner, it is recommended that patients speak with their primary healthcare provider(s). Potential benefits, risks (including financial costs), and alternatives should be carefully considered. The below monograph is designed to provide historical background and an overview of clinically-oriented research, and neither advocates for or against the use of a particular therapy.


Related Terms:
African cucumber, alpha-momorcharin, ampalaya, balsam-apple, Balsambirne (German), balsam pear, balsambirne, balsamo, beta-momorcharin, bitter apple, bitter cucumber, bitter gourd, bittergurke, bitter melon capsules, bitter melon extract , bitter melon juice , bitter melon malt vinegar, bitter melon seed oil, carilla gourd, cerasse, charantin, chinli-chih, cundeamor, Cucurbitaceae (family), fructus mormordiacea grosvenori, GlyMordica®, goya, kakara, karavella, karela, kareli, kathilla, kerala, Koimidori bitter melon, kuguazi, K'u-kua, Lai margose, MAP30, Mormodica angustifolia, Momordica charantia peroxidase, momordique, pavakkachedi, pepino montero, P'u-t'ao, sorosi, sushavi, vegetable insulin, wild cucumber.




Bitter melon (Momordica charantia L. Curcurbitaceae) has traditionally been used as a remedy for lowering blood sugar in patients with diabetes. Preliminary data exists on bitter melon use in HIV and cancer. Extracts and powdered formulations of the fruit are most frequently used, although teas made from the stems and leaves are sometimes recommended.
Bitter melon is also consumed as a foodstuff, and is found as an ingredient in some south Asian curries. The raw fruit is available in specialty Asian markets where it is known as karela.




Uses
These uses have been tested in humans or animals. Safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider. Grade*
Cancer

MAP30, a protein isolated from bitter melon extract, has been reported to possess anti-cancer effects, although potential anti-cancer effects have not been studied in humans. Additional study is needed before a strong recommendation can be made.


C

Diabetes mellitus (hypoglycemic agent)

Preliminary study has indicated that bitter melon may decrease serum glucose levels; however, reports are mixed. Because safety and efficacy have not been established, bitter melon should be avoided by diabetics except under the strict supervision of a qualified healthcare professional, including a pharmacist, with careful monitoring of blood sugars.


C

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Early studies have shown that a protein in bitter melon called MAP30 may have antiviral activity, but this has not been studied in humans. Further research is needed before a strong recommendation can be made.


C

*Key to grades: A: Strong scientific evidence for this use; B: Good scientific evidence for this use; C: Unclear scientific evidence for this use; D: Fair scientific evidence against this use (it may not work); F: Strong scientific evidence against this use (it likely does not work).






The below uses are based on tradition, scientific theories, or limited research. They often have not been thoroughly tested in humans, and safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider. There may be other proposed uses that are not listed below.

Abortion, analgesia (pain relief), anorexia, antihelminthic (expels worms), antifungal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiparasitic (against Plasmodium genus), antitumor, antiviral, chemopreventive, contraception, diabetic neuropathy, disorders of the stomach and intestines (diabetic gastopathy), gastrointestinal cramps, glaucoma, hemorrhoids, herpes, high cholesterol, immunomodulation, infertility, pain, psoriasis, respiratory infections, retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, sinusitis, stomach cramps.





The below doses are based on scientific research, publications, traditional use, or expert opinion. Many herbs and supplements have not been thoroughly tested, and safety and effectiveness may not be proven. Brands may be made differently, with variable ingredients, even within the same brand. The below doses may not apply to all products. You should read product labels, and discuss doses with a qualified healthcare provider before starting therapy.

Adults (over 18 years old)
Due to the wide variations in preparation techniques of bitter melon, the proper dosing cannot be determined at the present time. Bitter melon has sometimes been administered as a fruit juice in doses of 50 milliliters or 100 milliliters in diabetic patients. Juice formulations have been reported to have more potent effects on blood sugar and lab values than the powder of the sun-dried fruit. However, safety and efficacy have not been established for any specific dose(s) of bitter melon.
Subcutaneous administration of bitter melon has been studied in humans, although safety, efficacy, and dosing have not been clearly established.

Children (under 18 years old)
There is not enough scientific data to recommend bitter melon for use in children. Caution is advised, based on two case reports of hypoglycemic coma in children following ingestion of bitter melon tea.





The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not strictly regulate herbs and supplements. There is no guarantee of strength, purity or safety of products, and effects may vary. You should always read product labels. If you have a medical condition, or are taking other drugs, herbs, or supplements, you should speak with a qualified healthcare provider before starting a new therapy. Consult a healthcare provider immediately if you experience side effects.

Allergies
Individuals with allergies to plants related to the bitter melon or members of the Curcurbitaceae (gourd or melon) family, including Persian melon, honeydew, casaba, muskmelon, and cantaloupe, may have allergic reactions to bitter melon.

Side Effects and Warnings
Headaches have been reported after the ingestion of bitter melon seeds. However, details regarding severity and duration of headaches are limited. Considerable rises in liver enzymes have been observed in animals after drinking bitter melon fruit juice and seed extract. These rises, however, have not been associated with significant damage or changes in the liver. The clinical relevance in humans has not been studied, so caution is advised, particularly in patients with underlying liver disease. The seeds and outer-rind of bitter melon contain a toxic chemical (lectin), which inhibits protein synthesis in the intestinal wall. Although this has not been correlated with signs or symptoms in humans, ingestion of bitter melon seeds or outer rind should be avoided due to potential adverse effects.
Bitter melon may lower blood sugar levels. Caution is advised in patients with diabetes or hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), and in those taking drugs, herbs, or supplements that affect blood sugar. Serum glucose levels may need to be monitored by a healthcare provider, and medication adjustments may be necessary. Two case reports have documented hypoglycemic coma and convulsions in children after administration of a bitter melon tea.
Ingestion of bitter melon (or bitter melon seeds) should be avoided in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) deficiency, due to the risk of hemolytic reaction and "favism." Favism is the onset of hemolytic anemia with symptoms including headache, fever, stomach pain, and coma. G6PDH deficiency and favism are most common in people from the Mediterranean and the Middle East.
The fertility rate of mice that were fed with daily bitter melon juice dropped from 90% to 20% in one study. Sperm production was inhibited in dogs that were fed a bitter melon fruit extract for 60 days. However, studies of a protein isolated from bitter melon seeds, called MAP30, have found that they do not affect sperm motility in laboratory studies.

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
Bitter melon is not recommended during pregnancy; two proteins isolated from the raw fruit possess properties that may cause an abortion in animals. Lowered fertility rates are also possible.





Most herbs and supplements have not been thoroughly tested for interactions with other herbs, supplements, drugs, or foods. The interactions listed below are based on reports in scientific publications, laboratory experiments, or traditional use. You should always read product labels. If you have a medical condition, or are taking other drugs, herbs, or supplements, you should speak with a qualified healthcare provider before starting a new therapy.

Interactions with Drugs
Bitter melon may lower blood sugar levels. Caution is advised when using medications that may also lower blood sugar. Patients taking drugs for diabetes by mouth or insulin should be monitored closely by a qualified healthcare professional, including a pharmacist.
Elevations in liver enzymes have been reported. Theoretically, bitter melon may interact with drugs metabolized by or affecting the liver.
The antiviral protein of bitter melon may enhance the therapies of the HIV antagonists, dexamethasone and indomethacin. Bitter melon may have antiviral and immunomodulating effects and therefore may have additive effects with other drugs with similar activity.
Bitter melon leaf extracts have been observed to reverse chemotherapy drug resistance.
Bitter melon may lower triglyceride levels and therefore may have additive effects with other drugs with similar activity.
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (pharmacokinetics) of other drugs may be altered by bitter melon.
Bitter melon may induce abortion, reduce fertility rates, or inhibit production of sperm. Caution is advised in patients taking fertility agents or antifertility agents.
In theory, bitter melon may interact with agents that suppress the immune system or medications used to treat parasites (anthelmintics).

Interactions with Herbs & Supplements
Bitter melon may lower blood sugar levels. Caution is advised when using herbs or supplements that may also lower blood sugar. Blood sugar levels may require monitoring, and doses may need adjustment.
Elevations in liver enzymes have been reported. Theoretically, bitter melon may interact with drugs metabolized by or affecting the liver.
The antiviral protein of bitter melon may enhance the therapies of the HIV antagonists, dexamethasone and indomethacin. Bitter melon may have antiviral and immunomodulating effects and therefore may have additive effects with other agents with similar activity.
Bitter melon leaf extracts have been observed to reverse chemotherapy drug resistance.
Bitter melon may lower triglyceride levels and therefore may have additive effects with other drugs with similar activity.
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (pharmacokinetics) of other drugs may be altered by bitter melon.
Bitter melon may induce abortion, reduce fertility rates, or inhibit production of sperm. Caution is advised in patients taking herbs or supplements with proposed fertility or antifertility effects.
In theory, bitter melon may also interact with herbs or supplements that suppress or enhance the immune system. Furthermore, bitter melon may interact with medications used to treat parasites (anthelmintics), although human evidence is lacking in this area.




This information is based on a systematic review of scientific literature edited and peer-reviewed by contributors to the Natural Standard Research Collaboration (www.naturalstandard.com).





Natural Standard developed the above evidence-based information based on a thorough systematic review of the available scientific articles. For comprehensive information about alternative and complementary therapies on the professional level, go to www.naturalstandard.com. Selected references are listed below.



Basch E, Gabardi S, Ulbricht C. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia): a review of efficacy and safety. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2003;60(4):356-359. View Abstract
Bourinbaiar AS, Lee-Huang S. The activity of plant-derived antiretroviral proteins MAP30 and GAP31 against herpes simplex virus in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996;219(3):923-929. View Abstract
Bourinbaiar AS, Lee-Huang S. Potentiation of anti-HIV activity of anti-inflammatory drugs, dexamethasone and indomethacin, by MAP30, the antiviral agent from bitter melon. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;208(2):779-785. View Abstract
Dans AM, Villarruz MV, Jimeno CA, et al. The effect of Momordica charantia capsule preparation on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus needs further studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60(6):554-559. View Abstract
Das P, Sinhababu SP, Dam T. Screening of antihelminthic effects of Indian plant extracts: a preliminary report. J Altern Complement Med 2006;12(3):299-301. View Abstract
Day C, Cartwright T, Provost J, et al. Hypoglycaemic effect of Momordica charantia extracts. Planta Med 1990;56(5):426-429. View Abstract
Krawinkel MB, Keding GB. Bitter gourd (Momordica Charantia): A dietary approach to hyperglycemia. Nutr Rev 2006;64(7 Pt 1):331-337. View Abstract
Leatherdale BA, Panesar RK, Singh G, et al. Improvement in glucose tolerance due to Momordica charantia (karela). Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981;282(6279):1823-1824. View Abstract
Lee-Huang S, Huang PL, Chen HC, et al. Anti-HIV and anti-tumor activities of recombinant MAP30 from bitter melon. Gene 1995;161(2):151-156. View Abstract
Lee-Huang S, Huang PL, Huang PL, et al. Inhibition of the integrase of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 by anti-HIV plant proteins MAP30 and GAP31. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995;92(19):8818-8822. View Abstract
Leung SO, Yeung HW, Leung KN. The immunosuppressive activities of two abortifacient proteins isolated from the seeds of bitter melon (Momordica charantia). Immunopharmacology 1987;13(3):159-171. View Abstract
Limtrakul P, Khantamat O, Pintha K. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein activity and reversal of cancer multidrug resistance by Momordica charantia extract. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2004 Dec;54(6):525-30. View Abstract
Raman A, Lau C. Anti-diabetic properties and phytochemistry of Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae). Phytomedicine 1996;2(4):349-362.
Rebultan SP. Bitter melon therapy: an experimental treatment of HIV infection. AIDS Asia. 1995 Jul-Aug;2(4):6-7. View Abstract
Virdi J, Sivakami S, Shahani S, et al. Antihyperglycemic effects of three extracts from Momordica charantia. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;88(1):107-111. View Abstract
Natural Standard Monograph (www.naturalstandard.com)
Copyright © 2009 Natural Standard Inc. Commercial distribution or reproduction prohibited.


The information in this monograph is intended for informational purposes only, and is meant to help users better understand health concerns. Information is based on review of scientific research data, historical practice patterns, and clinical experience. This information should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. Users should consult with a qualified healthcare provider for specific questions regarding therapies, diagnosis and/or health conditions, prior to making therapeutic decisions.

bitter melon controversy

Bitter Melon
:: En Español (Spanish Version)

Momordica charantia

Principal Proposed Uses
• :: Diabetes

Page Navigation
What Is Bitter Melon Used for Today?
Dosage
Safety Issues
Interactions You Should Know About
References



Widely sold in Asian groceries as food, bitter melon is also a folk remedy for diabetes, cancer, and various infections.

What Is Bitter Melon Used for Today?
Bitter melon continues to be advertised as an effective treatment for :: diabetes , especially of the type 2 (“adult-onset”) variety. However, evidence used to support this claim is limited to animal studies, uncontrolled human trials and other unreliable forms of evidence. 1-6 Only double-blind, placebo-controlled studies can prove a treatment effective, and the single such study of bitter melon failed to find benefit. 12 (For information on why double-blind studies are essential, see :: Why Does This Database Rely on Double-blind Studies? )

In :: test tube studies , a protein in bitter melon called MAP-30 kills viruses and slows the growth of some cancer cells. However, it is a long way from the test tube to real people, and there have not as yet been any human trials of bitter melon or its constituents for the treatment of cancer or viral diseases.

Dosage
The typical dosage of bitter melon is one small, unripe, raw melon or about 50 to 100 ml of fresh juice, divided into 2 or 3 doses over the course of the day. The only problem is that bitter melon tastes extremely bitter. Noted naturopath Michael Murray suggests that you should "simply plug your nose and take a 2-ounce shot." 7

Safety Issues
As a widely eaten food in Asia, bitter melon is often regarded as safe. However, it does appear to present some health risks. The most significant of these comes from the fact that it may work! Combining bitter melon with standard drugs may reduce blood sugar too well, possibly leading to dangerously low blood sugar levels. 8,9 In fact, there are case reports of two children with diabetes who went into hypoglycemic coma after taking bitter melon. 10 For this reason, if you already take drugs for diabetes, you should add bitter melon to your diet only with a physician's supervision. (And definitely don't stop your medication and substitute bitter melon instead. It is not as powerful as insulin or other conventional treatments.)

Other possible risks include impaired fertility, liver inflammation, and spontaneous abortion. 11

Safety in young children, nursing women, or those with severe kidney disease has not been established.

Interactions You Should Know About
If you are taking:

:: Medications to reduce blood sugar : Bitter melon might amplify the effect, and you may need to reduce your dose of medication.

References

1. Srivastava Y, Venkatakrishna-Bhatt H, Verma Y, et al. Antidiabetic and adaptogenic properties of Momordica charantia extract: an experimental and clinical evaluation. Phytother Res . 1993;7:285-289.

2. Welihinda J, Arvidson G, Gylfe E, et al. The insulin-releasing activity of the tropical plant Momordica charantia . Acta Biol Med Ger . 1982;41:1229-1240.

3. Welhinda J, Karunanayake EH, Sheriff MH, et al. Effect of Momordica charantia on the glucose tolerance in maturity onset diabetes. J Ethnopharmacol. 1986;17:277-282.

4. Leatherdale BA, Panesar RK, Singh G, et al. Improvement in glucose tolerance due to Momordica charantia (karela). Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1981;282:1823-1824.

5. Ahmad N, Hassan MR, Halder H, et al. Effect of Momordica charantia (Karolla) extracts on fasting and postprandial serum glucose levels in NIDDM patients. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull . 1999;25:11-13.

6. Jayasooriya AP, Sakono M, Yukizaki C, et al. Effects of momordica charantia powder on serum glucose levels and various lipid parameters in rats fed with cholesterol-free and cholesterol-enriched diets. J Ethnopharmacol . 2000;72:331-336.

7. Murray MT. The Healing Power of Herbs: The Enlightended Person's Guide to the Wonders of Medicinal Plants . 2nd ed. Rocklin, CA Prima Publishing; 1995:358.

8. Leatherdale BA, Panesar RK, Singh G, et al. Improvement in glucose tolerance due to Momordica charantia (karela). Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1981;282:1823-1824.

9. Aslam M, Stockley IH. Interaction between curry ingredient (karela) and drug (chlorpropamide). Lancet . 1979;1:607.

10. Hulin A, Wavelet M, Desbordes JM. Intoxication with Mormordica charantia (sorossi). A report of two cases. Sem Hop. 1988;64:2847-2848.

11. Basch E, Gabardi S, Ulbricht C. Bitter melon ( Momordica charantia ): a review of efficacy and safety. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2003;60:356-359.

12. Dans AM, Villarruz MV, Jimeno CA, et al. The effect of Momordica charantia capsule preparation on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes Mellitus needs further studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60:554-559.

Glossary of English to Hindi Terms शब्दावली अंग्रेजी से हिंदी शर्तें

Glossary of English to Hindi Terms शब्दावली अंग्रेजी से हिंदी शर्तें



FRUITS फल
English अंग्रेज़ी Hindi हिन्दी
Apple सेब Sabe Sabe
Bael, Stone apple, Bengal quince Bael, स्टोन सेब, बंगाल श्रीफल Bel, siriphal बेल, siriphal
Banana केला Kela Kela
Chakothra Chakothra Pomelo Pomelo
Chin fruit, litchie चिन फल, litchie Lichee Lichee
Figs अंजीर Amjeer Amjeer
Grapes अंगूर Angoor Angoor
Groundnuts मूंगफली Moongfali Moongfali
Guavas अमरूद Amrood Amrood
Jackfruit कटहल Kathal Kathal
Jamoon Jamoon Jambul fruit java plum Jambul फल जावा बेर
Mango आम Aam आम
Mashmelon Mashmelon Kharbooja Kharbooja
Mulberry शहतूत Shehtooth Shehtooth
Muskmelon Cantalope Muskmelon Cantalope Kharbooja Kharbooja
Orange संतरा Santra Santra
Papaya पपीता Papeeta Papeeta
Pear नाशपाती Nashpati Nashpati
Pineapple अनानास Ananas Ananas
Plum बेर Aloobukara Aloobukara
Pomegranate अनार Anar Anar
Sweet lime मीठा चूना Mosambi Mosambi
Watermelon तरबूज Tarbooj, Kalingad Tarbooj, Kalingad
Zizyphus Zizyphus Ber, bor Ber, Bor
Dry Fruits सूखे मेवे
Almond बादाम Badam बदम
Apricot खूबानी Khumani Khumani
Cashewnut Cashewnut Kaju Kaju
Currants Currants Kishmish Kishmish
Dates तिथियाँ Khajoor Khajoor
Pistachio पिस्ता pista पिस्ता
Raisins किशमिश Kishmish Kishmish
Walnut Walnut Akrot Akrot


VEGETABLES VEGETABLES
English अंग्रेज़ी Hindi हिन्दी
Amaranth अम्लान रंगीन पुष्प का पौध Chauli, chavleri Chauli, chavleri
Arrowroot अरारोट Paniphal, Tikora Paniphal, Tikora
Ash gourd ऐश लौकी Petha Petha
Asparagus Asparagus Shatwar, sootmooli,halyan Shatwar, sootmooli, halyan
Asparagus Asparagus Musli मूसली
Avocado, butterfruit Avocado, butterfruit Makhanphal Makhanphal
Bell Pepper बेल पेप्पर Simla Mirch शिमला Mirch
Bengal gram leaves बंगाल चना पत्तियां Chaney ki bhaji (Hummus) Chaney की bhaji (Hummus)
Bitter gourd कड़वी लौकी Karela Karela
Bottle gourd लौकी Lauki,doodhi Lauki, doodhi
Cabbage गोभी Patha gobi Patha gobi
Carrot गाजर Gajar Gajar
Cauliflower गोभी Phool gobi फूल gobi
Chilli मिर्च Mirchi Mirchi
Cluster Beans क्लस्टर बीन्स Gowaar Phali Gowaar Phali
Colocasia Colocasia Arbi Arbi
Coriander Cilantro धनिया Cilantro Dhania Dhania
Corn cobs, maize मकई cobs, मक्का Bhutta, makka Bhutta, makka
Corn kernel मकई कर्नेल Makai Makai
Cowpea लोबिया Lobia Lobia
Cucumber ककड़ी Kakdi Kakdi
Dillweed Dillweed Suvabhaji Suvabhaji
Drumstick leaves ढोल का छड़ी पत्तियां Muranka bhaji Muranka bhaji
French Beans फ़्रेंच बीन्स Flas Beans Flas बीन्स
Gardencress Gardencress Halim हलीम
Gherkins Gherkins Kunthroo, Goli, Tondli Kunthroo, Goli, Tondli
Green chilli हरी मिर्च Hari mirch हरि mirch
Indian sorrel भारतीय कुम्मैत Khatti bhaji Khatti bhaji
Khesari leaves Khesari पत्तियां Masoor bhaji Masoor bhaji
Lettuce लेटिष Kasmisaag Kasmisaag
Lime or Lemon नीबू या नीबू Limbu Limbu
Lotus Stem कमल नाल Kamal Kakadior, Bhien कमल Kakadior, Bhien
Makhanphal Makhanphal Avocado, butterfruit Avocado, butterfruit
Mother's best friend, West Indian ben वेस्ट इंडीज के बेन माता का सबसे अच्छा दोस्त है, Muranka Muranka
Mushrooms मशरूम Goochi Goochi
Olives जैतून Zetoon / Zaitoon Zetoon / Zaitoon
Onion प्याज Kanda Pyaaz Kanda Pyaaz
Peas मटर Matar Matar
Potato आलू Aloo Aloo
Pumpkin कद्दू Kadhu Kadhu
Radish मूली Mooli Mooli
Red sorrel लाल कुम्मैत Chukka bhaji Chukka bhaji
Salad leaves, endives सलाद, endives पत्तियां Gulsuchal Gulsuchal
Spinach पालक Palak Palak
Sweet potato मीठा आलू Shakarkand Shakarkand
Tapioca टैपिओका Simla Aloo शिमला Aloo
Tomato टमाटर Tamatar Tamatar
Vegetables सब्जियां Sabji Sabji
Water Chestnuts जल गोलियां Shingara Shingara
White goose-foot श्वेत हंस फुट Bathua Bathua
Leafy Vegetables पत्तेदार सब्जियां
Leafy greens पत्तेदार भाजी Patha bhaji Patha bhaji
Spring onions स्प्रिंग प्याज Kandey Ke Patthey Kandey Ke Patthey
Salad leaves सलाद के पत्तों Slat patta, kasmi sag हवा का झोंका patta, डुबाव kasmi


SEEDS बीज
Charmagaz paste: Seed mixture - Charmagaz चिपकाएँ: बीज मिश्रण --
muskmelon, watermelon, pumpkin, cucumber seeds in equal quantites. muskmelon, तरबूज, कद्दू, समान quantites में ककड़ी बीज.
English अंग्रेज़ी Hindi हिन्दी
Aniseed Aniseed Saunf Saunf
Canna edulus भंग edulus Sabja Sabja
Cumin seed जीरा बीज Jeera Jeera
Fenugreek seeds मेथी के बीज Methi Methi
Kidney beans गुर्दा सेम Rajma Rajma
Mustard seeds सरसों के बीज Rai राय
Nigella/Onion seeds Nigella / प्याज के बीज Kalonji Kalonji
Pomegranate seeds अनार के बीज Anardhana Anardhana
Poppy Seeds पोस्ता बीज Khuskhus Khuskhus
Safflower seeds Safflower बीज Kardai, kusumbha Kardai, kusumbha
Sesame तिल Til तिल


GRAINS GRAINS
English अंग्रेज़ी Hindi हिन्दी
Cereals अनाज
Long grain rice लंबे अनाज चावल Basmati बासमती
Pearl Millet पर्ल बाजरा Bajri Bajra Bajri बाजरा
Horsebean घोडे की सेम Urad Urad
Oats जई Jaee Jaee
Pulses दालों
Pigeonpea, redgram Pigeonpea, redgram Arhar अरहर
Green gram हरे चने Moong Moong
Fieldbean Fieldbean Vaal Vaal


DAIRY PRODUCTS डेयरी उत्पादों
English अंग्रेज़ी Hindi हिन्दी
Solid ठोस
Cottage cheese पनीर Paneer पनीर
Cream क्रीम Malai Malai
Dried whole milk Milk Thickened सूखे सारा दूध दूध Thickened Khoya, mawa Khoya, mawa
Liquid तरल
Butter Milk बटर मिल्क Chaas Chaas
Curd दही Dahi Dahi
Milk दूध Doodh Doodh


PREPARED ITEMS PREPARED वस्तुओं
English अंग्रेज़ी Hindi हिन्दी
Alum फिटकिरी Phitkari Phitkari
Butter मक्खन Makhan Makhan
Clarified butter मक्खन Ghee घी
Pickle अचार Achaar Achaar
Rock salt सेंधा नमक Sinda namak Sinda नमक
Vermicelli सेंवई Seviyan Seviyan
Yeast खमीर Khameer Khameer


OTHER अन्य
English अंग्रेज़ी Hindi हिन्दी
Citric acid साइट्रिक एसिड Nimboo sat Nimboo शनिवार
Caraway Seeds जीरा बीज Shajeer or Black Cumin Seeds Shajeer या काला जीरा
Aloe मुसब्बर Kuar Gandhal Kuar Gandhal
Asafoetida हींग Hing Hing
Thymol Thymol Ajwain ke phool Ajwain के फूल
Basil तुलसी Tulsi तुलसी
Bay leaf बे पत्ती Tejpan Tejpan
Bengal gram बंगाल चना Chana Chana
Hemp गांजा Bhang Bhang
Indian gooseberry भारतीय करौदा Amla आंवला
Bhat भट Soyabean सोयाबीन
Black pepper काली मिर्च Kali mirch काली mirch
Black salt काला नमक Kala namak काला नमक
Catechu खैर Katha कथा
Capsicum Cardamom शिमला मिर्च इलायची Ilaichi Ilaichi
Cinnamon दालचीनी Dalchini Dalchini
Oregano, Thyme/ Carom seeds अजवायन की पत्ती, थाइम / कैरम बीज Ajwain Ajwain
Snakegourd Snakegourd Chichonda Chichonda
Beetroot चुक़ंदर Chacundar Chacundar
Clove लौंग Lavang Lavang
Cottonseed Cottonseed Kapas Kapas
Coconut Oil नारियल तेल Khopre /Narial Ka Tel Khopre / Narial का टेलीफोन
Pulse पल्स Toordal Toordal
Chestnut अखरोट Chota akhrot छोटा akhrot
Cudpahnut Cudpahnut Chironji, piyala, Charoli Chironji, piyala, Charoli
Filbertnut Filbertnut Chalguza Chalguza
Coconut नारियल Narial Narial
Curry leaves करी पत्ते Kadipatha Kadipatha
Dried Mango powder सूखे आम पाउडर Amchoor Amchoor
Drumstick, ढोल का छड़ी, muranka muranka
Dry fenugreek leaves सूखी मेथी के पत्तों Kasoori methi Kasoori methi
Castor केस्टर Erandi Erandi
Flaked, Beaten rice Flaked, पीटा चावल Poha, Chiwda Poha, Chiwda
Flour आटा Atta आटा
Sugarcane गन्ना Ganna, Ooos Ganna, Ooos
Garlic लहसुन Lasan Lasan
Calabash cucumber हुक़्क़ुम ककड़ी Ghia turai Ghia turai
Ginger जिंजर Soonth, Adrak Soonth, Adrak
Gram dal चने की दाल Chana dal Chana दाल
Gram flour ग्राम आटा Besan Besan
Green cardomom ग्रीन cardomom Chhoti ilaichi छोटी ilaichi
Groundnut Oil मूंगफली का तेल Singdana / Kalekai Tel Singdana / Kalekai दूरभाश
Star gooseberry सितारा करौदा Harfi Harfi
Horse gram हॉर्स ग्राम Kulthi Kulthi
Honey शहद Shahad Shahad
Barley जौ Jao Jao
Jaggery, Molasses गुड़, शीरा Gud Gud
Jowar ज्वार Sorghum चारा
Broad Beans विस्तृत बीन्स Kali seim ki Phalli काली seim की Phalli
Safflower Safflower Kardi,kusumbar Kardi, kusumbar
Italian millet इतालवी बाजरा Kangani Kangani
Sinapis Sinapis Kali rai काली राय
Screwpine Screwpine Kewra Kewra
Yellow Lentil पीली दाल Masoor dal Masoor दाल
Mace गदा Javitri Javitri
Margosa Margosa Neem नीम
Mint टकसाल Pudina Pudina
Mustard Oil सरसों का तेल Sarson Ka Tel Sarson का टेलीफोन
Myrtle Myrtle Henna हिना
Eucalyptus युकलिप्टुस Nilgiri नीलगिरी
Nutmeg जायफल Jaiphal Jaiphal
Oil तेल Tel टेलीफोन
Olive Oil जैतून का तेल Zetoon Ka Tel Zetoon का टेलीफोन
Betel leaves, piper पान, मुरलीवाला पत्तियां Paan पान
Parsley अजमोद Ajmoda, ajmud Ajmoda, ajmud
Plain flour सादा आटा
Flour Refines आटा Refines Maida Maida
Puffed Rice ख़ुदपसंद राइस Mumurae Mumurae
Elucine coracana Elucine coracana Ragi, nachni रागी, nachni
Red chilli लाल मिर्च Lal mirch लाल mirch
Rice राइस Chawal चावल
Rose गुलाब Gulab गुलाब
Rose Water गुलाब जल Gulab Jal गुलाब जल
Star anise सितारा anise Dagad Phool Dagad फूल
Saffron केसर Kesar केसर
Sunflower सूरजमुखी Surajmukhi Surajmukhi
Salt नमक Namak नमक
Screwpine Screwpine Kewra Kewra
Semolina सूजी Sooji, Rava Sooji, Rava
Silver Leaves रजत Leaves Varak Varak
Split green gram भाजित हरे चने Moong dal Moong दाल
Split black gram भाजित काले चने Urad dal Urad दाल
Sugar चीनी Cheeni Cheeni
Swordbeans Swordbeans Talwarphalli Talwarphalli
Tamarind इमली Imli Imli
Turmeric हल्दी Haldi Haldi
Vegetable oil वनस्पति तेल Vanaspati वनस्पति
Vinegar सिरका Sirka Sirka
Wheat गेहूं Gehu Gehu
Whole Wheat flour सारा गेहूं का आटा Gehu atta Gehu आटा

एक् निवेदन्

एक् निवेदन्
अगर् कोइ बि जो हिन्दि अच्चि तरह जान्ते है, तोडि तक्लीफ् कर् के इस् तर्जुम को सहि तर कर्सके तो करे और् मुजे haridallas@gmai.com पर् बेज् दे तो बहुथ् कुषि होगि ,और् मै उन्कि आबारी रहून्गा

"मधुमेह भारत" अध्यक्ष सलाह देता है की मधुमेह के लिए एक राष्ट्रीय नीति

"मधुमेह भारत" अध्यक्ष सलाह देता है की
मधुमेह के लिए एक राष्ट्रीय नीति
मंगलवार, 09 दिसंबर, 2008 08:00 IST
नंदिता विजय, बंगलौर

केंद्र सरकार के विकार के खतरे के रूप में मधुमेह एक राष्ट्रीय नीति बनाने की आवश्यकता होगी विशाल देश में, डॉ. SM Sadikot, अध्यक्ष, मधुमेह भारत और उपाध्यक्ष के अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मधुमेह फेडरेशन के अनुसार